What Is a Pituitary Adenoma?

A pituitary adenoma is a tumor that develops in the pituitary gland. The gland regulates hormones that control key body functions such as growth and reproduction. These tumors are usually noncancerous and tend to remain localized within the gland. 

What Causes a Pituitary Adenoma?

The exact cause of pituitary adenomas is not fully understood. Researchers believe they develop due to genetic changes that occur in the cells of the pituitary gland. These changes cause the cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to tumor formation. 

They are also linked to environmental triggers such as exposure to radiation, endocrine disorders and family history.

Pituitary Adenoma Symptoms

A tumor in the pituitary gland can cause various symptoms depending on its size. Some pituitary adenomas are small and unnoticed, while others can disrupt hormone balance or press on nearby structures, leading to issues like:

• Headaches that may worsen as the tumor grows
• Vision problems, such as blurred or double vision
• Unexplained weight gain or loss due to hormonal imbalance
• Irregular menstrual cycles or infertility in women
• Reduced testosterone, low libido or erectile dysfunction in men
• Fatigue, weakness, or low energy levels
• Heat intolerance
• Changes in physical appearance, such as enlargement of hands and feet

How Common are Pituitary Adenomas?

Pituitary adenomas are relatively common compared to other types of brain tumors. In fact, they account for about 10–15 percent of all diagnosed brain tumors. Many of these tumors are small and slow-growing and are present in about 10–20 percent of the population. 

Diagnosis of Pituitary Adenoma

Since the symptoms may resemble other health conditions, identifying a pituitary adenoma is not always easy. This is why we combine various tests to make an accurate diagnosis. Common tests include:

• Medical history and physical exam: It involves reviewing symptoms such as headaches, fatigue or unexplained weight fluctuations, and checking overall health.
• Hormone testing: Blood and urine tests measure hormone levels to see if the adenoma is overproducing or reducing certain hormones.
• Imaging scans: MRI is often used as it provides detailed images that help locate the tumor and determine its size. A CT scan may also be used if additional details are required.
• Eye exam: Vision tests help determine if the tumor is pressing on the optic nerves, which can cause vision loss or double vision.
• Genetic testing: Genetic screening may be recommended for patients with a family history of endocrine disorders.

Treatment Options for Pituitary Adenoma

After diagnosis, the doctor will create a personalized treatment plan based on the type of adenoma. Your treatment may include:

• Medications: Drugs such as dopamine agonists can shrink hormone-secreting adenomas and help regulate excess hormone levels. Somatostatin analogs and growth hormone receptor antagonists can also be used to block or suppress overactive hormones.
• Surgery: If the tumor is large, causing vision problems or not responding to medication, surgical removal may be recommended. 
• Radiation therapy: In cases where surgery is not possible or when some tumor tissue remains, targeted radiation can help shrink or control growth.
• Combination therapy: Sometimes medications, surgery and radiation are used together for better tumor control, especially if the adenoma is resistant to a single approach.

Prognosis After Pituitary Adenoma Treatment

The outcome depends on the type of tumor and how well it responds to therapy. In most cases, patients experience major improvement, such as: 

• Restored hormone balance: Medications or surgery often help normalize hormone levels, reducing symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes or menstrual irregularities.
• Improved or stable vision: If the tumor was pressing on the optic nerves, treatment usually restores vision or prevents further loss.
• Tumor shrinkage or removal: Many adenomas are completely removed or reduced in size, easing pressure on nearby structures.
• Relief from symptoms: Headaches, mood changes and other discomforts often improve once the tumor is treated.
• A good quality of life: With successful treatment and continued monitoring, most patients return to normal daily activities and maintain long-term health.

It is also important to note that the tumor may recur after some time. Regular follow-up visits, blood tests and imaging scans will help catch these changes early, making them easier to manage.

Take the Next Step Toward Better Health

If you have symptoms or concerns related to a pituitary tumor, call (732) 302-1720 to schedule a consultation with Neurosurgical Associates of Central Jersey, P.A. Our specialists in Bridgewater, NJ will help you understand your condition and take you through the treatment process.